Wednesday, December 17, 2014

The Bechdel Test

The Bechdel Test

    The above link Describes what is known as the Bechdel Test, which is a test that helps evaluate female presence in media such as books/movies/TV shows etc. The requirements to pass the test seem pretty simple; you need at least 2 female characters, and they have to speak to each other at least once about someone who isn't a guy. It doesn't seem like a very hard test to pass, yet about 80% of movies do not pass.


    Not to say that movies that don't pass are necessarily misogynistic, for example the website I listed above mentions Mulan; it's generally considered "One of the most feminist movies in Disney canon" But it fails the Bechdel Test. They also go through a couple of examples of movies that do pass the test, but can be very sexist.

But how does this relate to sexuality? 


    My topic is sexuality in film, not feminism in film, and although that would be an awesome topic to cover, it's not what I'm supposed to cover. I'm going to relate this to my topic by creating my own test that's similar to the Bechdel Test but deals with sexuality rather than feminism.

    To pass the Casey!Bechdel Test, you need two non-heterosexual characters, that talk to each other at least once, about something other than their sexuality. Like above with the original test, there are other circumstances that would be involved with measuring  how successfully different sexualities are represented in movies and shows, but I think that would be a very good place to start!

-Casey Coulter

Article Review 3

Article Review #3
Alex Duncan
Dr Currans
WGST 202
T/Th 12:30-1:45
Blog Topic: Violence Against Transgender People
Article Review #3

Testa, Rylan J., Sciacca, Laura M., Wang, Florence, Hendricks, Michael L., Goldblum, Peter,
Bradford, Judith, Bongar, Bruce. “Effects of Violence on Transgender People.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. Vol 43(5), Oct 2012, 452-459.

                The article “Effects of Violence on Transgender People” is a compilation of studies regarding health risks due to high amounts of violence towards trans men and women.  Much of this article focuses on the mental health of individuals who have experienced different forms of violence.  Based on a series of studies implemented by the Community Health Research Initiative (CHRI) by the Virginia Commonwealth College.  Subjects include physical violence, sexual violence, suicide attempts, and substance abuse.  The studies show high risk of suicide attempts, and that transgender individuals who have experienced physical or sexual violence may be more likely to attempt suicide or abuse drugs. 
            These studies were titled the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study (THIS) and it was a multiphase, multi-year project.  The sample included 350 self-identified transgender people who lived in or attended school in Virginia.  Subjects were predominately white, low-to-middle class, and had a variety of ages and education levels.  They were divided into four groups: dmab (designated male at birth) who wished to or have fully transitioned, dfab (designated female at birth) who wish to or have fully transitioned, dmab non-transitioning trans individuals, and dfab non-transitioning trans individuals.  They all took a survey, inquiring about physical and sexual violence since age 13 and whether or not their gender identity was a contributing factor.  They were also asked about if they have ever considered or attempted suicide, if so, how many times, and if they have ever used illegal substances.
            Based on the analysis of data, statistics show that trans women who had experienced physical violence were significantly more likely to consider suicide and that trans men who had experienced sexual violence were significantly more likely to consider suicide.  The results of the survey also report that the primary cause of the sexual or physical violence was the gender identity of the victim.  Rates of physical violence did not differ significantly based on age, race, ethnicity, SES, or between trans men vs women.  However, those with higher SES (annual household incomes above $100k) reported fewer occurrences of sexual violence.  All of these figures and statistics are shown through tables, significance tests, and percentages in regards to survey responses. 
            The studies do have a few limitations.  Because no data exists on the population of trans people in Virginia, a probability sampling could not be created.  This results in the studies using chi-squared tests rather than t-tests, which tend to be slightly more free, but still show statistical significance.  Because this was a volunteer based study, it may underrepresent those who do not have access to trans resources or who do not wish to seek help.  Most of the findings also focused on people who have fully transitioned or intend to fully transition, so the study cannot be generalized to people who identify as trans but do not intend to transition in any way. 
            This article related to my blog topic “Violence against Transgender People” because it is a statistical study surrounding the frequency and effects of violence, both physical and sexual, against people in Virginia who self-identify as transgender.  Due to the fact that it is based on significance tests and surveys, it has more in common with the first article I reviewed, which was in the same format, rather than the second.  “Transgender Foster Youth; A Forced Identity” was  more of a persuasive text which outlines the care of transgender youth.  However, both articles discussed the frequency of sexual violence and physical abuse and how these actions affect the mental health of individuals.  All three articles show the same facts that trans people are far more likely to experience violence and to suffer from suicidal thoughts than cisgender people are.  This article certainly introduced new ideas about what is the same and what is different between the experiences of trans men and trans women.  Of course, since it is just one study, we cannot take these figures as facts, but it was very interesting to see which factors showed correlation, even if that doesn’t necessarily imply causation amongst them.  

A Proposed Solution to Gender Inequality in Films

For our last post, I'm just going to leave you all to read this online article: http://blogs.indiewire.com/womenandhollywood/cross-post-a-solution-to-gender-inequality-in-film-just-add-5-female-characters-onscreen-20141124

Which is an interesting idea that we could possibly fix the gender inequalities in films simply by adding five female actors on screen. As the author of this article says, "Overall, the solution is simple: Just add five female speaking characters to scripts going into production. Then, repeat this process for an additional three years and do not look back.  If each of the major studios and production companies creating content agreed to do this, we would reach parity in just four years. This would be a historical shift and one whose time has come."

I think this theory is an interesting one to consider, especially since adding five female speaking characters to scripts would be a fairly easy task. 

Tuesday, December 16, 2014

Erin Lucas's Article #3

Rosengard, Cynthia, Jennifer G. Clarke, Kristen Dasilva, Megan Hebert, Jennifer Rose, and Michael D. Stein. "Correlates of Partner-Specific Condom Use Intentions Among Incarcerated Women in Rhode Island." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37.01 (2005): 32-38. Jstor.org. Web. 24 Nov. 2014.

    "Correlates of Partner-Specific Condom Use Intentions Among Incarcerated Women in Rhode Island” by Rosengard, Cynthia, Jennifer G. Clarke, Kristen Dasilva, Megan Hebert, Jennifer Rose, and Michael D. Stein is an analysis of incarcerated women’s sexual life. It focuses on the use of or intention to use condoms between “main” partners and “casual” partners. It was found that there is a correlation between how the women classify their partners and the likelihood they’ll use a condom. This study is meant to prove the cost effectiveness of and need for programs that encourage condom use in prisons.

    The introduction provides ample statistics that help support the need for informational programs.They begin by pointing out the money it costs to treat the inmates with STIs and care for pregnant women in the system. According the the article, 6-10% of inmates become pregnant and around 1,400 U.S. incarcerated women gave birth in 1998. Further, women inmates have a higher risk of STIs and the danger of getting HIV is 3 to 5 times higher in jails. Since most incarcerated women have shown risky sexual behavior, in the form of unprotected sex, many times, it seems only logical that something needs to change.
    Next, the authors describe the reasoning behind the study. It uses the theory that, like women outside prison, inmates have several partners that vary in commitment, familiarity, and duration. Using this, they tested how these variables come into play when the women decide whether or not to use condoms. The eligibility of the women were clearly and specifically written out to the point that even women who could not be screened right away were waited for to ensure that the highest amount of women were used in the study. The women were interviewed for four different categories: partner specific condom use, behavioral characteristics, psychological characteristics, and demographic characteristics. All four categories were explained further to break down what was being studied in each one. In the end of this section, there is an example sheet that shows the data compiled for one of the women. Overall, it was a highly specific set of properties that added to the credibility of the study.
    Finally, the results were a bit surprising. Over 50% of the women reported having a STI. Even more surprising is the fact that 74% of the participants reported being pregnant while in jail. On the other hand, women were less likely to use a condom with main partners as they were with casual partners as expected. Even though they are more likely to use condoms with casual partners, most were inconsistent with using them regardless of the partner classification. To prove that an educational program would help, the study also included questions about the participants’ main partners. The majority of the women thought that the partners were not partaking in risky behavior or having multiple partners. In the conclusion, the authors press the matter by pointing out that when the women are released they will take whatever behaviors they had in prison to their communities. Because of this, it becomes very important to educate the women before they are released.
This article shows the importance of improving women’s health in prisons. Much like my last article, “Drug Abuse and Incarcerated Women: A Research Review” by Dorothy J. Henderson, the articles use a problem-solution format to try and improve women’s health within the prison system. However, Henderson’s piece is more oriented towards keeping women out of prisons, whether it be repeat offending or the first offense. Therefore, she delves into why women are incarcerated in the first place. These authors are focused on stopping unwanted pregnancies and ridding the spread of STIs once the women are already incarcerated by educating them. By fixing the problem in prisons, the communities that the women are released to also have a lower risk for the spread STIs. The benefits are universal for everyone.
Anthony Bellore
12/8/14
Article Review #3 pt. 2
Professor Currans

            Ruby, J. (2005, Jul). Women's "cock rock" goes mainstream. Off our Backs, 35, 42-44. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.emich.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/197135561?accountid=10650

            In Jennie Ruby’s article, “Women’s “cock rock” goes mainstream,” Ruby talks about women’s cover bands that cover classic 70’s and 80’s rock band’s music.  Ruby talks about how these women who play rock songs in the industry are pushing the feminist movement to show that women can do everything that men can, even though they might not admit to it.  She also claims how famous women in the rock industry are still in the huge minority of women in the rock scene.
Jennie Ruby starts out her article by describing her experience of going to an all-girl Led Zeppelin cover group named “Lez Zeppelin.”  She talks about how in the mid-80’s, she never would have thought of going to a show where the headlining group had lesbian in the name of the group, and had there been a show like that,
“I would have been among mostly women, recognizing each other on the street approaching the venue in a secrethandshake kind of way, by the short hair, the Birkenstocks, the hermaphroditic clothing, the pairings of women, the absence of boyfriends. I would have felt the thrill of recognition of political bumper stickers on cars parked in the vicinity. I would have resisted the impulse to hold my girlfriend's hand until we were safely inside the concert hall, and then relaxed into the safety of a, for the moment, lesbian space.” (Ruby)
She goes on to explain how the concert was completely different from what she expected.  She talks about how the crowd was mostly full of straight white men, and that the concert was advertised through email, and tickets could be bought through a popular online ticket sale website.  Also, she described the band as, “And the band was not exactly what you might call "out." Or even particularly lesbian, for that matter.”
            In the next part of Ruby’s article, she cites an article written in Spin Magazine, a music publication, by Chuck Klosterman called, “The L-Word.”  “Chuck seems troubled by the possibility that women playing men's music might be political-returning to that worry throughout his article in between trying to find ways where it is just about the music, or about fun, or about sex, or about something else, anything else but "political"”.  Ruby claims that the woman cover band groups are part of the political feminist movement.  She talks about how woman in the rock scene aren’t seen as instrumentalists, but as mainly vocalists.  She claims that these rock groups are trying to show that woman are more than just the fronts of bands, but can be the whole band, as well.  These cover groups are asserting their abilities above men in the same genre of music, where the scene is a male-dominated society.

            Jennie Ruby’s article relates somewhat to my second article in terms of rock music.  In my second article review, I talked about how Hernandez writes about the hegemonic masculinity problems in Mexico, and how the band Tex Tex sings against the social norms of modern Mexico.  In the article, Ruby talks about how modern all-girl cover groups are pushing the societal norms of a male-dominated rock industry, and those groups are showing how women can do anything that men can, if not better.  Both articles write about how rock groups are going against social norms.  This article relates to our course theme of Music, as well.  In that course theme, we talked about how Nicki Minaj is pushing the feminist movement through music, well so are these female cover band groups.  Only the cover bands are asserting women’s talent while also expressing themselves.  He one thing I learned through reading this article is that there are all-girl cover groups out there.  I never knew about them before, and I find it awesome that women are proving themselves in a male-dominated industry.  I have a few bands that I really like where females are the heads of the group, and I’d like to see more succeed in the rock music scene.

Thursday, December 11, 2014

Changing Country Music

Kasey Musgraves is a relatively new young country artist who started her career as a song writer. On October 21st, 2013 she released her own single titled "Follow Your Arrow" which won Song of the Year in the 48th annual CMA Awards. This was a very big turning point in country music because the song promotes smoking marijuana and same-sex relationships, which is not something that is often present in country music. This also made her one of the very few women artists to receive that award.


The song is also very important because in several different parts of the song she points out ridiculous stereotypical labels that are often placed on women:

If you save yourself for marriage
You're a bore
You don't save yourself for marriage
You're a "whore"able person
If you won't have a drink then you're a prude
But they'll call you a drunk
As soon as you down the first one
If you can't lose the weight
Then you're just fat
But if you lose too much
Then you're on crack

These lyrics point out many of the difficulties that women face throughout life while trying to please and fit in with society, which makes it very relatable to many young women that listen to it. The problem is you can't please everyone so Musgraves response to these labels is:

You're damned if you do
And you're damned if you don't
So, you might as well just do
Whatever you want

Her song is very inspirational to young women everywhere and is a great step forward for, not only the women of country music, but the country music industry in general. Everyone, especially young women in today's society need to forget about those labels and what everyone thinks and just "follow your arrow wherever it points".

- Ashley Compton


Minnesota Considers Transgender Athlete Policy


This video was posted on December 3rd, 2014, and it talks about schools in Minnesota debating whether or not to allow students to play on sports teams based on their preferred gender identity, rather than based on their birth assigned sex and gender.
People in Minnesota who are opposed to allowing transgender athletes to play alongside cisgender athletes have even gone as far as to run full page advertisements in the newspaper in an effort to persuade the general public that transgender athletes should not be allowed to play on teams with cisgender individuals.
The main thing that stood out to me was that those opposed to trans inclusion tended to focus on not allowing trans girls to play alongside cis girls, while completely ignoring trans boys playing alongside cis boys. To me, this omission of concern regarding trans boys inclusion shows that there are elements of sexism playing into the oppositions argument.

--Melissa Condon